27-Dec-1823 :- Birth Of Mackenzie Bowell , Prime Minister of Canada.

Sir Mackenzie Bowell
( December 27, 1823 – December 10, 1917) was an English-born Canadian politician who served as the fifth Prime Minister of Canada, from December 21, 1894 to April 27, 1896.

27-Dec-1571 :- Birth Of Johannes Kepler , German Mathematician.

Johannes Kepler 
(December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion. These works also provided one of the foundations forIsaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.

26-Dec-1950 :- Birth Of Raja Pervaiz Ashraf, 17th Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Raja Pervaiz Ashraf 
( 26 December 1950), is a businessman, agriculturist and politician who served as the 17th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 22 June 2012 until completing his designated term on 16 March 2013.

26-Dec-1942 :- Birth Of Vinicio Cerezo, 28th President of Guatemala.

Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo 
(born 26 December 1942) is a Guatemalan politician. He served as President of Guatemala from 14 January 1986 to 14 January 1991. He was the first president of the modern democratic era.

26-Dec-1940 :- Birth Of Edward Christian Prescott , Nobel Prize Winner.

Edward Christian Prescott 
(December 26, 1940) is an American economist. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2004, sharing the award with Finn E. Kydland, "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles". 

26-Dec-1785 :- Birth Of Étienne Constantin de Gerlache, 1st Prime Minister of Belgium.

Étienne Constantin, Baron de Gerlache 
(26 December 1785 – 10 February 1871) was a lawyer and politician in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and later became in 1831 the first Prime Minister of the newly founded Belgian state.

25-Dec-1642 :- Birth Of Isaac newton .

Sir Isaac Newton 

(25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/7) was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations for classical mechanics. Newton made seminal contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus.

Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, 

Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours of the visible spectrum. He formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves.

Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian and, unusually for a member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, he refused to take holy orders in the Church of England, perhaps because he privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of biblical chronology and alchemy, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his death. In his later life, Newton became president of the Royal Society. Newton served the British government as Warden and Master of the Royal Mint.

25-Dec-2015 :- Afghanistan's New Parliament inaugurated by Indian PM Mr. Narendra Modi.

PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the new Afghan parliament built by India.

“This parliament complex is a small tribute to your progress as a nation and a democracy. It will stand as an enduring symbol of the ties of emotions and values, of affection & aspirations that bind us in a special relationship,” Modi said.

The new Parliament building has been constructed by India at a cost of about Rs 710 crore.

The project was started by India as a mark of friendship and cooperation to help rebuild Afghanistan after the wars.

Its foundation stone was laid by former PM Manmohan Singh in 2009. While its House of People, called Wolesi Jirga, can seat 256 members, the Upper House or Meshrano Jirga can accommodate 134 representatives.

25-Dec-1968 :- First Trans-Earth injection ( TEI ) performed by Apollo 8 mission.

A Trans-Earth injection (TEI) is a propulsion maneuver used to set a spacecraft on a trajectory which will intersect the Earth.

On the Apollo missions, it was performed by the restartable Service Propulsion System (SPS) engine on the Service Module. An Apollo TEI burn lasted approximately 203.7 seconds, providing a posigrade velocity increase of 1,076 m/s (3,531 ft/s). It was first performed by the Apollo 8 mission on December 25, 1968.

25-Dec-1947 :- The Constitution of the Republic of China goes into effect.

The Constitution of the Republic of China  is the fundamental law of the Republic of China (ROC), which since 1949 only controls the free area of the Republic of China, which is the island of Taiwan and minor outlying islands, the territories not lost to the Chinese Communists. It was adopted by the National Constituent Assembly on 25 December 1946, and went into effect on 25 December 1947, at a time when the ROC still had nominal control of Mainland China and to which this constitution applied. This made China (with approx. 450 million people at that time) the most populous "paper democracy" in the world. The latest revision to the constitution was in 2004.

25-Dec-1946 :- The first European self-sustaining Nuclear Chain Reaction is initiated.

The F-1 is a research reactor operated by the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, Russia. When started on December 25, 1946, it became the first nuclear reactor in Europe to achieve a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. It is still in operation, with a power level of 24 kW, making it the world's oldest operating reactor.

21-Dec-1401 :- Birth Of Masaccio, Italian Painter.

Masaccio 
( December 21, 1401 – 1428), born Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, was the first great Italian painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. According to Vasari, Masaccio was the best painter of his generation because of his skill at recreating lifelike figures and movements as well as a convincing sense of three-dimensionality. Masaccio died at twenty-six and little is known about the exact circumstances of his death.

16-Dec-1926 :- Birth Of A. N. R. Robinson, 3rd President of Trinidad and Tobago.

Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson (16 December 1926 – 9 April 2014) was the third President of Trinidad and Tobago, serving from 19 March 1997 to 17 March 2003. He was also Trinidad and Tobago's third Prime Minister, serving in that capacity from 18 December 1986 to 17 December 1991. He is internationally recognized for his proposal that eventually led to the founding of the International Criminal Court.

16-Dec-2015 :- ISRO ( Indian Space Research Organisation ) Launches Six Singaporean Satellites .

India on Wednesday successfully launched six Singaporean satellites. As the Indian space agency achieved the milestone of its 50th rocket launch.

The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle’s Core Alone (PSLV-CA) variant standing 44.4 metres tall and weighing around 227 tonnes took off from the Sriharikota rocket port in Andhra Pradesh, around 80 km from Chennai. 

With the successful launch of the six Singaporean satellites, ISRO has put a total of 57 foreign satellites into space.

Out of the six satellites, the 400 kg earth observation satellite called TeLEOS-1 is the main passenger for the PSLV rocket and hence the mission is called TeLEOS mission by ISRO. TeLEOS-1 is Singapore’s first commercial earth observation satellite designed and developed by ST Electronics.

The other five co-passenger satellites are VELOX-C1 (123 kg), VELOX-II (13 kg), Kent Ridge-1 (78kg), Galassia (3.4 kg) and Athenoxat-1.

16-Dec-2015 :- Indian painting by Vasudeo S.Gaitonde sells for record Rs 293 million.

An oil painting by abstract artist Vasudeo S.Gaitonde sold for 293 million rupees ($4.4 million) at a Christie's auction in Mumbai on Tuesday, setting a new world record for Indian art work.

Gaitonde's untitled painting from 1995 broke the previous record of $4.01 million paid for a Francis Newton Souza work at a sale in New York earlier this year, the London-based auction house said.

16-Dec-1922 :- President of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz is assassinated.

Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December 1922, five days after taking office. He was fatally shot by Eligiusz Niewiadomski, an artist and art critic, while visiting an exhibition at Warsaw's Zachęta gallery.

16-Dec-1903 :- The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Open at Bombay ( today Mumbai ).

The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel is a five-star hotel located in the Colaba region of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, next to the Gateway of India.

Part of the Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces, this hotel is considered the flagship property of the group and contains 560 rooms and 44 suites. There are some 1,500 staff including 35 butlers. From a historical and architectural point of view, the two buildings that make up the hotel, the Taj Mahal Palace and the Tower are two distinct buildings, built at different times and in different architectural designs.

The hotel, which many claim offers the highest level of service in India, has hosted many notable guests, from presidents to captains of industry and stars of show business.

The hotel's original building was commissioned by Tata and first opened its doors to guests on 16 December 1903.

14-Dec-1896 :- The Glasgow Underground Railway is opened , the third oldest underground railway system.

The Glasgow Subway is an underground metro line in Glasgow, Scotland. Opened on 14 December 1896, it is the third-oldest underground metro system in the world after the London Underground and the Budapest Metro. It is the only heavy rail underground metro system in the British Isles outside London, and also the only one in the British Isles which operates completely underground. It is also one of the very few railways in the world with a track running gauge of 4 ft (1,219 mm). Formerly a cable railway, the Subway was later electrified, but its twin circular lines were never expanded. The line was originally known as the Glasgow District Subway, but was later renamed Glasgow Subway Railway. It was so called when taken over by the Glasgow Corporation who renamed it the Glasgow Underground in 1936. Despite this re branding, many Glaswegians continued to refer to the network as "the Subway". In 2003 the name "Subway" was officially readopted by its operator, the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT). A £40,000 study examining the feasibility of an expansion into the city’s south side is in progress.

The system is not the oldest underground railway in Glasgow; that distinction belongs to a 3.1 mi (5.0 km) section of the Glasgow City and District Railway opened in 1863, now part of the North Clyde Line of the suburban railway network, which runs in a sub-surface tunnel under the city centre between High Street and west of Charing Cross. Another major section of underground suburban railway line in Glasgow is the Argyle Line, which was formerly part of the Glasgow Central Railway.

13-Dec-2015 :- Saudi Arabia elects first female politician.

A woman has won a seat on a municipal council for the first time in Saudi Arabia, after the kingdom lifted its bar on women taking part in elections.

Salma bint Hizab al-Oteibi won a seat in Mecca province in Saturday's vote.

Women have also won in several other regions in the country, including Jeddah and Qatif, reports suggest.

The election was the first where women were allowed to vote and stand as candidates, and is being viewed as a landmark in the conservative kingdom.

Saudi women still face many curbs in public life, including driving.

A total of 978 women registered as candidates, alongside 5,938 men.

Officials said about 130,000 women had registered to vote in Saturday's poll, compared with 1.35 million men.

13-Dec-2001 :- Terrorist attack on Indian Parliament ( Sansad Bhawan ) .

The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was an attack at the Parliament of India in New Delhi on 13 December 2001. The perpetrators were Lashkar-e-Taiba (Let) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) terrorists. The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists, six Delhi Police personnel, two Parliament Security Service personnel and a gardener .

On 13 December 2001, five terrorists infiltrated the Parliament House in a car with Home Ministry and Parliament labels. While both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha had been adjourned 40 minutes prior to the incident, many members of parliament (MPs) and government officials such as Home Minister LK Advani and Minister of State for Defence Harin Pathak were believed to have still been in the building at the time of the attack. More than 100 people, including major politicians were inside the parliament building at the time. The gunmen used a fake identity sticker on the car they drove and thus breached the security deployed around the parliamentary complex. The terrorists carried AK47 rifles, grenade launchers, pistols and grenades. Delhi Police officials claimed that gunmen received instructions from Pakistan and the operation was carried out under the guidance of Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency.

The gunmen drove their vehicle into the car of the Indian Vice-President Krishan Kant (who was in the building at the time), got out, and began shooting. The Vice-President's guards and security personnel shot back at the terrorists and then started closing the gates of the compound.

13-Dec-1962 :- NASA launches Relay 1 satellite , first active telecommunication satellite .

The Relay program consisted of Relay 1 and Relay 2, two early American satellites. Both were primarily experimental communications satellites funded by NASA and developed by RCA. As of September 12, 2009, both satellites were still in orbit. Relay 1 provided the first television transmissions across the Pacific Ocean.

Relay was designed with three objectives in mind: to test transoceanic communications, to measure radiation in its orbital path, and to determine to what extent these high- and low-energy electrons and protons would damage the satellite's solar cells and diodes. The Relay satellites were built with redundance as a major feature; they carried two sets of every major system of circuits. Relay's most important component, the microwave repeater, received frequency-modulated signals from one or two ground stations, amplified these signals and retransmitted them. To coordinate and define Relay's main international experiments, an International Ground Station Committee was formed.

Thor-Delta rockets launched Relay 1 (Dec. 13, 1962) and Relay 2 (Jan. 21, 1964) into elliptical orbits, from which they successfully retransmitted television, telephone and digital signals. Relay 1 did not function properly at first because of an abnormal power drain on its storage batteries, but the problem was traced to the voltage regulator in a transponder. A second transponder was used as a backup, and the mission went on as planned. By March 1963 Relay 1 had fulfilled its mission objectives. According to Lou Nicholson, retired employee of Goddard's Projects Directorate, Relay transmitted live television signals from the United States to Great Britain in 1963 for Winston Churchill's honorary U.S. citizenship ceremony. The satellite went on to transmit the first transpacific television signals between Japan and the United States in November. In fact, Relay 1 worked too well. It would not respond to commands to turn itself off in December 1963 and continued relaying signals until February 1965.

Relay 2 was equipped with upgraded solar cells designed to extend the satellite's power supply. The satellite's traveling wave tubes, power regulation system and radiation shielding were also of an improved design. The second Relay's initial public demonstration took place on Jan. 29, 1964, when a portion of the winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, was transmitted to the United States via Relay and ground stations in France and Maine. After a successful demonstration career, Relay 2 was retired in the fall of 1965.

In February 1964 Goddard recommended not launching a third Relay (originally the backup satellite) because of how well the first two Relays were accomplishing their missions. The Relay Project was managed at NASA Headquarters by Joseph R. Burke (Relay 1) and Donald P. Rogers (Relay 2), working in Leonard Jaffe's Office of Communications and Navigations Programs. At NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Joseph Berliner and Wendell S. Sunderlin were project managers for Relay 1 and Relay 2, respectively.

11-Dec-2015 :- Attack in Spanish Embassy In Kabul .

The Spanish embassy in Kabul has come under attack the embassy is in Sherpur in central Kabul, where a huge car bomb struck during rush hour on Friday evening, followed by ongoing bursts of gunfire in an assault that comes as the resurgent Taliban escalate attacks against government and foreign targets.
The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack, but said the target was a foreign guest house. It was not immediately clear if the guest house was inside the embassy premises.

11-Dec-1969 :- Birth Of Viswanathan Anand , India Chess Player .

Viswanathan Anand 

is an Indian chess Grandmaster and former World Chess Champion.

Viswanathan Anand, popularly known as 'Vishy, the Tiger from Madras' is the first Asian to win the World Chess Championship title. He was born on December 11, 1969 in Chennai to Krishnamurthy Viswanathan and Susheela. His father is a retired general manager, Southern Railways. Anand completed his schooling from Don Bosco school and finished his B.Com from Loyola College in Chennai. He started playing chess at the age of 6. He learned the game from his mother because his brothers did not have the patience to play chess with him. His parents encouraged him and used to take him to the Tal Chess club. Young Anand had an exceptional memory power and an ability to grasp things fast which made him excel in Chess. He has won many titles even from a young age. Anand became India's Sub- Junior Chess Champion at 13 and at sixteen he became the National Champion. In 1987, he became the first Asian to win the World Junior Chess Championship at Baguio City, Philippines and in 1988, at the age of eighteen, Anand became India's first Grandmaster.

In 1992, he won the formidable Reggio Emilia tournament ahead of the Russian masters Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov. He was the runner up to Kasparov in World Championship final in 1995. He beat Kasparov in the rapid chess tournament in September 96 and Karpov in June 97 in Hamburg Rapid Chess. Anand outplayed the most popular chess software programme, Fritz in July, 99. He won the title on 24th December 2000, defeating Spain's Alexei Shirovyoungest at Teheran and became the first Asian to take the world title, but his victory was overshadowed by the chess world's two competing chess titles one by the International Federation of Chess and the Professional Association of Chess led by Kasporov. 

In September 2007 Anand again became World Champion again by winning that year's FIDE World Championship Tournament held in Mexico City. And in 2008, Anand retained his World Class Chess title with a draw against Vladmir Kramnik, Russia. With this victory, he achieved the unique distinction of winning this in three formats - knockout format in 2000, tournament format in 2007 and match format in 2008. 

Anand has also received many awards; Arjuna Award for Outstanding Indian Sportsman in 1985, Padma Shri Award (1987), National Citizens Award and Soviet Land Nehru Award in 1987, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award (1991-1992), Padma Bhushan Award (2000), Chess Oscar 4 times (1997, 1998, 2003 and 2004) and so on.  He wrote a book 'My Best Games of Chess' for which he got the British Chess Federation 'Book of the Year' Award in 1998.

10-Dec-2015 :- Mr. Mauricio Macri , become Argentina's new President .

Mauricio Macri 
( born 8 February 1959) is an Argentine civil engineer, businessman and politician, and Head of Government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires , become the President of Argentina .He was first democratically elected non-radical president since 1916. He take office on 10 December 2015.