05-Jan-1933 :- Death Of Calvin Coolidge , President Of United state.

John Calvin Coolidge Jr. 
( July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small government conservative, and also as a man who said very little, although having a fair sense of humor.

05-Jan-1941 :- Birth Of Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi ( Nawab Pataudi ), Indian cricketer.

Mansoor Ali Khan 
(5 January 1941 – 22 September 2011), nicknamed Tiger Pataudi, was an Indian cricketer and former captain of the Indian cricket team. He was the titular Nawab of Pataudi from 1952 until 1971, when by the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India the privy purses of the princes were abolished and official recognition of their titles came to an end. He has been described as "India’s greatest cricket captain".

05-Jan-1928 :- Birth Of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , Prime Minister Of Pakistan .

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 
(5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani politician and statesman who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He is revered in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Awam . He was also the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution in 1979.

03-Jan-1999 :- The Mars Polar Lander is launched.

The Mars Polar Lander, also known as the Mars Surveyor '98 Lander, was a 290-kilogram robotic spacecraft lander launched by NASA on January 3, 1999 to study the soil and climate of Planum Australe, a region near the south pole on Mars. It formed part of the Mars Surveyor '98 mission. On December 3, 1999, however, after the descent phase was expected to be complete, the lander failed to re establish communication with Earth. A post-mortem analysis determined the most likely cause of the mishap was premature termination of the engine firing prior to the lander touching the surface, causing it to strike the planet at a high velocity.

The primary objectives of the mission were to:

• land on the layered terrain in the south polar region of Mars’;
• search for evidence related to ancient climates and more recent periodic climate change;
• give a picture of the current climate and seasonal change at high latitudes and, in particular, the exchange of water vapor between the atmosphere and ground;
• search for near-surface ground ice in the polar regions, and analyse the soil for physically and chemically bound carbon dioxide and water; and
• study surface morphology (forms and structures), geology, topography, and weather of the landing site.

03-Jan-1976 :- The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) become effected .

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, and in force from 3 January 1976.It commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to the Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories and individuals, including labour rights and the right to health, the right to education, and the right to an adequate standard of living. As of 2015, the Covenant has 164 parties. A further six countries, including the United States, have signed but not ratified the Covenant.

The ICESCR is part of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples,International Bill of Human Rights, along with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), including the latter's first and second Optional Protocols.

The Covenant is monitored by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

03-Jan-1848 :- Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first president of the independent African Liberia.

Joseph Jenkins Roberts (March 15, 1809 – February 24, 1876) was the first (1848–1856) and seventh (1872–1876) President of Liberia. When Liberia became independent in July 26, 1847 and Roberts was elected the first Black American president for the Republic of Liberia, serving until 1856. In 1872 he was elected again to serve as Liberia's seventh president.

03-Jan-1749 :- The first issue of Berlingske oldest operating newspaper, is published.

First published on 3 January 1749, Berlingske is the oldest Danish newspaper still published and among the oldest newspapers in the world.

Berlingske was founded by Denmark's Royal Book Printer Ernst Henrich Berling and originally titled Kjøbenhavnske Danske Post-Tidender, then the Berlingskes Politiske og Avertissements Tidende. The paper was supported by the Conservative Party. Until 1903 it had an official right to publish news about the government. In 1936, the newspaper's title was shortened to Berlingske Tidende.

27-Dec-1823 :- Birth Of Mackenzie Bowell , Prime Minister of Canada.

Sir Mackenzie Bowell
( December 27, 1823 – December 10, 1917) was an English-born Canadian politician who served as the fifth Prime Minister of Canada, from December 21, 1894 to April 27, 1896.

27-Dec-1571 :- Birth Of Johannes Kepler , German Mathematician.

Johannes Kepler 
(December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion. These works also provided one of the foundations forIsaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.

26-Dec-1950 :- Birth Of Raja Pervaiz Ashraf, 17th Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Raja Pervaiz Ashraf 
( 26 December 1950), is a businessman, agriculturist and politician who served as the 17th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 22 June 2012 until completing his designated term on 16 March 2013.

26-Dec-1942 :- Birth Of Vinicio Cerezo, 28th President of Guatemala.

Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo 
(born 26 December 1942) is a Guatemalan politician. He served as President of Guatemala from 14 January 1986 to 14 January 1991. He was the first president of the modern democratic era.

26-Dec-1940 :- Birth Of Edward Christian Prescott , Nobel Prize Winner.

Edward Christian Prescott 
(December 26, 1940) is an American economist. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2004, sharing the award with Finn E. Kydland, "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles". 

26-Dec-1785 :- Birth Of Étienne Constantin de Gerlache, 1st Prime Minister of Belgium.

Étienne Constantin, Baron de Gerlache 
(26 December 1785 – 10 February 1871) was a lawyer and politician in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and later became in 1831 the first Prime Minister of the newly founded Belgian state.

25-Dec-1642 :- Birth Of Isaac newton .

Sir Isaac Newton 

(25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/7) was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations for classical mechanics. Newton made seminal contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus.

Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, 

Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours of the visible spectrum. He formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves.

Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian and, unusually for a member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, he refused to take holy orders in the Church of England, perhaps because he privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of biblical chronology and alchemy, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his death. In his later life, Newton became president of the Royal Society. Newton served the British government as Warden and Master of the Royal Mint.

25-Dec-2015 :- Afghanistan's New Parliament inaugurated by Indian PM Mr. Narendra Modi.

PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the new Afghan parliament built by India.

“This parliament complex is a small tribute to your progress as a nation and a democracy. It will stand as an enduring symbol of the ties of emotions and values, of affection & aspirations that bind us in a special relationship,” Modi said.

The new Parliament building has been constructed by India at a cost of about Rs 710 crore.

The project was started by India as a mark of friendship and cooperation to help rebuild Afghanistan after the wars.

Its foundation stone was laid by former PM Manmohan Singh in 2009. While its House of People, called Wolesi Jirga, can seat 256 members, the Upper House or Meshrano Jirga can accommodate 134 representatives.

25-Dec-1968 :- First Trans-Earth injection ( TEI ) performed by Apollo 8 mission.

A Trans-Earth injection (TEI) is a propulsion maneuver used to set a spacecraft on a trajectory which will intersect the Earth.

On the Apollo missions, it was performed by the restartable Service Propulsion System (SPS) engine on the Service Module. An Apollo TEI burn lasted approximately 203.7 seconds, providing a posigrade velocity increase of 1,076 m/s (3,531 ft/s). It was first performed by the Apollo 8 mission on December 25, 1968.

25-Dec-1947 :- The Constitution of the Republic of China goes into effect.

The Constitution of the Republic of China  is the fundamental law of the Republic of China (ROC), which since 1949 only controls the free area of the Republic of China, which is the island of Taiwan and minor outlying islands, the territories not lost to the Chinese Communists. It was adopted by the National Constituent Assembly on 25 December 1946, and went into effect on 25 December 1947, at a time when the ROC still had nominal control of Mainland China and to which this constitution applied. This made China (with approx. 450 million people at that time) the most populous "paper democracy" in the world. The latest revision to the constitution was in 2004.

25-Dec-1946 :- The first European self-sustaining Nuclear Chain Reaction is initiated.

The F-1 is a research reactor operated by the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, Russia. When started on December 25, 1946, it became the first nuclear reactor in Europe to achieve a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. It is still in operation, with a power level of 24 kW, making it the world's oldest operating reactor.

21-Dec-1401 :- Birth Of Masaccio, Italian Painter.

Masaccio 
( December 21, 1401 – 1428), born Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, was the first great Italian painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. According to Vasari, Masaccio was the best painter of his generation because of his skill at recreating lifelike figures and movements as well as a convincing sense of three-dimensionality. Masaccio died at twenty-six and little is known about the exact circumstances of his death.

16-Dec-1926 :- Birth Of A. N. R. Robinson, 3rd President of Trinidad and Tobago.

Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson (16 December 1926 – 9 April 2014) was the third President of Trinidad and Tobago, serving from 19 March 1997 to 17 March 2003. He was also Trinidad and Tobago's third Prime Minister, serving in that capacity from 18 December 1986 to 17 December 1991. He is internationally recognized for his proposal that eventually led to the founding of the International Criminal Court.